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JAK Members Bank
The JAK Members Bank, or JAK Medlemsbank, is a cooperative, member-owned financial institution based in Skövde, Sweden, and based on a concept that arose in Denmark in 1931.〔(Alternativa banker växer i krisens spår ), e24.se 2010-08-18 ("Alternative banks grow in the wake of the crisis") 〕〔(JAK lockar folk som ogillar ränta ), e24.se 2010-08-18 ("JAK attracts people who dislike interest") 〕〔(Jak - banken utan spekulation ), Göteborgs-Posten 2009-09-23 ("Jak - the bank without speculation") 〕 ''JAK'' is an acronym for ''Jord Arbete Kapital'' in Swedish or ''Land Labour Capital'', the factors of production in classical economics. A membership of approximately 38,000 (as of November 2011) dictates the Bank's policies and direction. The Board of Directors is elected annually by members, who are each allowed only one share in the bank. JAK Members Bank does not charge or pay interest on its loans, a principle it shares with Islamic banking. All of the bank's activities occur outside of the capital market as its loans are financed solely by member savings. As of 2011 members had accumulated 131 million euros in savings, of which 98 million have been allocated as loans to the members.〔http://jak.se/sites/default/files/Delårsrapport%20aug%202011%20pdf-original.pdf〕 Administrative and developmental costs are paid for by membership and loan fees.
JAK banking employs the "Saving Points" system: members accumulate Saving Points during saving periods and use them when applying for a loan. The concept is that one is allowed to take out a loan for oneself to the same extent as one allows other people to be granted loans, saving into one's account. For this reason (applying for a loan), earned Saving Points must be equal to spent Saving Points to ensure sustainability. If a member is borrowing more saving points than he currently possesses, he is obliged to continue accumulating so-called "''aftersavings''" during the repayment period. "Aftersavings" are a fixed quota of money that a member must save ''after'' one's loan was made, so he can continue to earn Saving Points. This way, at the end of the repayment period, Saving Points earned will be equal to Saving Points spent, and at that time he will be able to have back all his aftersavings.
==History==
The co-operative society ''Jord Arbejde Kapital'' was founded in Denmark during the Great Depression in 1931. The society issued a popular local currency which was subsequently outlawed by the Danish government in 1933. In 1934 it founded an interest-free savings and loan system and a Local Exchange Trading System. Though both systems were forced to close, the savings and loan system re-emerged in 1944. The experience of JAK-banking in Denmark inspired a group in Sweden to develop a non-profit organisation named ''Jord Arbete Kapital - Riksförening för Ekonomisk Frigörelse'' (National Association for Economic Emancipation) in 1965. This pioneers' group developed a mathematical system based on Saving Points, designated the "balanced saving system". The association grew slowly at first. In 1997, a legislative amendment required the association to receive a banking license from the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority in order to continue operating as a financial institution, which was granted in that year. The bank's deposits are insured by the government.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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